The micronutrients iron, manganese, zinc, boron, copper, molybdenum, and chlorine are required only in minute amounts and are rarely supplied to turfgrasses through fertilization. Exceptions are if turfgrasses are planted in soils high in sand content, such as golf course putting greens, or if iron applications are used to provide a darker green turf without stimulating excessive foliar growth.
Although it is readily leached into groundwater, potassium is not a major pollutant in surface water and groundwater in the United States. It rarely is present in concentrations toxic to people or aquatic life, and it does not deplete water of oxygen.
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Sulfur is sometimes used to lower soil pH where a high soil pH can cause turf problems. Sulfur is usually only necessary in western states where arid conditions lead to alkaline soils. In the northeastern United States, high pH values are rarely a problem and there is usually enough sulfur in soils to supply turf needs.
The seven micronutrients (sometimes called trace elements) required by turfgrasses include iron, manganese, zinc, copper, molybdenum, boron, and chlorine. As mentioned earlier, micronutrients are needed by turfgrasses only in minute amounts and rarely need to be supplied to turfgrasses growing in mineral soils. However, when turfgrasses are grown in soils with high sand content (golf course putting greens and some tees) or high in pH, micronutrient applications can be beneficial.
Unless your soil has a high pH (greater than 8.0) and the texture is extremely sandy, micronutrient fertilizer applications are probably not needed. In fact, micronutrients other than iron are rarely beneficial and are sometimes harmful when applied to turfgrasses. Boron, for example, is toxic to turfgrasses even when applied in small amounts. Indiscriminate use of copper can lead to deficiencies of iron in turfgrasses. If you are managing turf in high sand content soils, work with a reputable soil and tissue testing lab to determine if micronutrient supplements are needed. If they are, use high-quality turfgrass fertilizers containing only the micronutrients that you need to correct the deficiency (Table 9).
MRI is rarely used for an initial evaluation of a typical nerve injury. It may be useful if the diagnosis is unclear or if there is evidence of abnormal recovery. An MRI may be useful for a differential diagnosis of the shoulder (muscle tears, tendinopathies, acromio-clavicular separation, labral tears, ligament sprains etc.). It is important to note that a normal MRI result does not rule out a nerve injury.[4]
As the scapula is protected from direct forces by skeletal muscles and moves almost freely on the flexible chest wall, fractures of the scapula are relatively rare. The majority of scapular fractures are the result of high-energy trauma, while low-energy scapular fractures are quite uncommon [2]. Avulsion fracture is representative of the fractures caused by low-energy trauma. Avulsion fractures of the scapula resulting from indirect trauma, such as the pull exerted by muscles or ligaments on their bony insertion, are extremely rare [4], representing 0.01% of all skeletal fractures and 2% of scapular fractures [3]. There are reportedly three mechanisms by which scapular avulsion fractures may occur: (1) uncoordinated muscle contraction due to electroconvulsive therapy, electric shocks, or, more rarely, epileptic seizures with the presence of abnormal bone [7], (2) resisted muscle pull because of trauma or unusual exertion, and (3) avulsion of a ligamentous attachment [8]. Stress fractures at muscle attachments are another type of fracture caused by low-energy trauma and may occur due to repeated trauma to the bone or repetitive muscular contraction [8]. Stress fractures of the scapula, both the fatigue type (abnormal stress or torque on a bone with normal elastic resistance) and the insufficiency type (normal stress on a bone with deficient elastic resistance), have been described in various patient populations and anatomical locations [9, 10]. 2ff7e9595c
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